Land Rights and Tenure Security in Zimbabwe's

Land Rights and Tenure Security in Zimbabwe’s Post Fast Track Land Reform Programme A Synthesis report for LandAc Project ID WS.320005.1.3 By Prosper B. Matondi and Marleen Dekker March 2011 Research Domicile The research project was undertaken through joint collaboration between the following institutions: Ruzivo Trust, African Studies Centre, 3 Liemba Close, Wassenaarseweg 52, Borrowdale, P.O. Box 9555 Harare 2300 RB Leiden, Zimbabwe The Netherlands Te: +263 772 302 953 Tel: +31 (0) 71527 66 02 Email: [email protected] Fax: +31 (0) 20 663 28 76 Website: www.ruzivo.co.zw Email: [email protected] Website: www.ascleiden.nl Contact: Dr Prosper B. Matondi Contact: Dr Marleen Dekker Acknowledgements We would like to sincerely acknowledge the support provided by our institutions in undertaking this work. We also appreciate the work done by the research team in the last couple of months. The contributions of the researchers listed in the annex of this report made this synthesis possible. We would also like to thank the participants in the workshops we held and the inputs we got from the presentation of this work at the international land and agrarian development conference in Harare, 24- 26 November 2010. The conference was aptly titled “Rethinking and Reconnecting Academia to Africa’s Agrarian and Rural Development”. We extend our appreciation to the LANDAC for the financial support to this project. The views expressed in this report do not reflect the views of LANDAC, Ruzivo Trust and/or the African Studies Centre, but the views of the authors. ii Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction . 1 1.1 Background to the study. 1 1.2 Conceptual Issues . 1 1.3 Sources of information. 3 1.3.1 Zimbabwe Rural Household Dynamic Study. 3 1.3.2 Ruzivo new resettlement area surveys . 3 1.3.3 General information sourcing. 4 2.0 Broader context of the land reforms in Zimbabwe . 4 2.1 Genesis of the Fast Track land reform programme. 4 2.1.1 The political forces and context for land tenure reforms . 4 2.1.2 Land tenure policy gap. 5 2.1.3 The revolutionary changes on tenure due to the Fast Track Land Reform Programme . 6 3.0 Learning from the commercial sector: Freehold Title Deeds. 8 3.1 Large scale commercial farming sector pre-1980 to 2010. 8 3.1.1 Access to land through market mechanisms . 8 3.1.2 Transfer rights . 9 3.1.3 Production and investment. 10 3.1.4 Exclusion and enforcement rights. 12 3.1.5 Lessons from the LSCF sector and its present status. 12 3.2 Small scale commercial farming sector – pre1980 to 2010 . 14 3.2.1 Access to land through market mechanisms . 14 3.2.2 Production and investment. 14 3.2.3 Transfer rights . 14 3.2.4 Exclusion and enforcement rights. 15 3.2.5 Present status of the Small scale Commercial farming sector . 15 4.0 Learning from Zimbabwean Customary Tenure Systems . 15 4.1 Access and rights to land . 15 4.2 Production and investment patterns . 16 4.3 Transfer rights . 16 4.4 Exclusion and enforcement rights. 17 4.5 Impact of Fast Track on communal farming areas. 17 5.0 Learning from the State Resettlement programme: Permit Tenure – 1980-2010. 18 5.1 Access and use old resettlement schemes . 18 5.2 Transfer rights . 19 5.3 Production and investment lessons from old resettlement schemes . 19 5.4 Exclusion and enforcement of rights. 20 5.5 Impact of Fast Track on old resettlement schemes. 21 6.0 Fast Track Land Reform - 2000 to 2010. 21 6.1 Tenure in Fast Track. 21 iii 6.1.1 Access to land and the meaning of rights to land. 22 6.1.2 Land utilization and investment in Fast Track Farms. 25 6.1.3 Transfer rights . 26 6.1.4 Exclusion/inclusion in Fast Track land reform programme. 28 6.1.5 Enforcement of rights through allocation. 29 6.2 Discussion of findings on land tenure and rights in FTFs. 29 6.2.1 Impact of settling on new farms. 29 6.2.2 Impact of tenure reforms on vulnerable groups . 30 6.2.3 Strategy to evade tenure insecurity . 30 6.2.4 Uncertainty and holding on to communal lands. 31 6.2.5 Is collateral a real issues in land ownership? . 32 6.2.6 Land tenure preferences . 33 6.3 Overview of key findings from the project . 33 7.0 Policy implications and recommendations. 34 7.1 Tenure and broader land administration policies . 35 7.2 Tenure and land utilization policies . 35 7.3 Investment in new farms. 36 7.4 Land transfer policies in different tenure regimes. 36 7.5 Legal and constitutional protection of land users . 37 8.0 Conclusion . 38 9.0 References. 38 10.0 Annexes. 41 10.1 Ruzivo Survey Methodology. 41 Key informant interviews . 42 10.2 Overview of activities for LandAC work. 43 10.3 Overview of research papers written during the project . 43 iv 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background to the study In the context of the short term research proposal programme of the IS Academy on Land Governance (Land Ac), Ruzivo Trust Zimbabwe and the African Studies Centre in Leiden

Chrispen Sukume, Blasio Mavedzenge, Felix Murimbarima and Ian Scoones Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences Research Report 46 Space, Markets and Employment in Agricultural Development: Zimbabwe Country Report Chrispen Sukume, Blasio Mavedzenge, Felix Murimbarima and Ian Scoones Published by the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa Tel: +27 21 959 3733 Fax: +27 21 959 3732 Email: [email protected] Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies Research Report no. 46 June 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission from the publisher or the authors. Copy Editor: Vaun Cornell Series Editor: Rebecca Pointer Photographs: Pamela Ngwenya Typeset in Frutiger Thanks to the UK’s Department for International Development (DfID) and the Economic and Social Research Council’s (ESRC) Growth Research Programme Contents List of tables . ii List of figures . iii Acronyms and abbreviations . v 1 Introduction .

Promotion of climate-resilient lifestyles among rural families in Gutu (Masvingo Province), Mutasa (Manicaland Province) and Shamva (Mashonaland Central Province) Districts | Zimbabwe Sahara and Sahel Observatory 26 November 2019 Promotion of climate-resilient lifestyles among rural families in Gutu Project/Programme title: (Masvingo Province), Mutasa (Manicaland Province) and Shamva (Mashonaland Central Province) Districts Country(ies): Zimbabwe National Designated Climate Change Management Department, Ministry of Authority(ies) (NDA): Environment, Water and Climate Development Aid from People to People in Zimbabwe (DAPP Executing Entities: Zimbabwe) Accredited Entity(ies) (AE): Sahara and Sahel Observatory Date of first submission/ 7/19/2019 V.1 version number: Date of current submission/ 11/26/2019 V.2 version number A. Project / Programme Information (max. 1 page) ☒ Project ☒ Public sector A.2. Public or A.1. Project or programme A.3 RFP Not applicable private sector ☐ Programme ☐ Private sector Mitigation: Reduced emissions from: ☐ Energy access and power generation: 0% ☐ Low emission transport: 0% ☐ Buildings, cities and industries and appliances: 0% A.4. Indicate the result ☒ Forestry and land use: 25% areas for the project/programme Adaptation: Increased resilience of: ☒ Most vulnerable people and communities: 25% ☒ Health and well-being, and food and water security: 25% ☐ Infrastructure and built environment: 0% ☒ Ecosystem and ecosystem services: 25% A.5.1. Estimated mitigation impact 399,223 tCO2eq (tCO2eq over project lifespan) A.5.2. Estimated adaptation impact 12,000 direct beneficiaries (number of direct beneficiaries) A.5. Impact potential A.5.3. Estimated adaptation impact 40,000 indirect beneficiaries (number of indirect beneficiaries) A.5.4. Estimated adaptation impact 0.28% of the country’s total population (% of total population) A.6.

ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION For Human Dignity REPORT ON: APRIL 2020 i DISTRIBUTED BY VERITAS e-mail: [email protected]; website: www.veritaszim.net Veritas makes every effort to ensure the provision of reliable information, but cannot take legal responsibility for information supplied. NATIONAL INQUIRY REPORT NATIONAL INQUIRY REPORT ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION For Human Dignity For Human Dignity TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . vii ACRONYMS. ix GLOSSARY OF TERMS . xi PART A: INTRODUCTION TO THE NATIONAL INQUIRY PROCESS . 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1 Establishment of the National Inquiry and its Terms of Reference . 2 1.2 Methodology . 3 CHAPTER 2: THE NATIONAL INQUIRY PROCESS .

Small Grain Production As an Adaptive Strategy to Climate Change in Mangwe District, Matabeleland South in Zimbabwe

Jàmbá - Journal of Disaster Risk Studies ISSN: (Online) 2072-845X, (Print) 1996-1421 Page 1 of 9 Original Research Small grain production as an adaptive strategy to climate change in Mangwe District, Matabeleland South in Zimbabwe Authors: This article assesses the feasibility of small grains as an adaptive strategy to climate change in 1 Tapiwa Muzerengi the Mangwe District in Zimbabwe. The change in climate has drastically affected rainfall Happy M. Tirivangasi2 patterns across the globe and in Zimbabwe in particular. Continuous prevalence of droughts Affiliations: in Zimbabwe, coupled with other economic calamities facing the Southern African country, 1Department of Community has contributed to a larger extent to the reduction in grain production among communal Development, University of farmers, most of whom are in semi-arid areas. This has caused a sudden increase in food KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa shortages, particularly in the Mangwe District, as a result of erratic rainfall, which has negatively affected subsistence farming. This article was deeply rooted in qualitative research 2Department of Sociology methodologies. Purposive sampling was used to sample the population. The researchers used and Anthropology, University key informant interviews, focus group discussions and secondary data to collect data. Data of Limpopo, Sovenga, South were analysed using INVIVO software, a data analysis tool that brings out themes. The results Africa of the study are presented in the form of themes. The study established that small grains Corresponding author: contributed significantly to addressing food shortages in the Mangwe District. The study Happy Tirivangasi, results revealed that small grains were a reliable adaptive strategy to climate change as they [email protected] increased food availability, accessibility, utilisation and stability.

Dr. Paradzai Pathias Bongo1 Community-based disaster risk reduction in the context of climate change: The case of rural Zimbabwe INTRODUCTION This paper is based on a current Department for Overseas Development (DFID) funded Community-Based Disaster Risk Management project in the semi-arid Southern part of Zimbabwe, entitled ‘Mainstreaming Livelihood Centred Approaches to Disaster Management’.2 The paper posits the need for building, supporting and strengthening communities’ livelihoods so that they become more resilient during and after a hazard as they mainly use their local resources, institutional arrangements and own conceptions of risk. It is envisaged that community based risk reduction plans could inform meso and macro policy levels, thereby shaping the current disaster management regime prevailing in the country. Since time immemorial, human beings have been faced with various types of hazards, most of which turned into disasters. In such cases, mainstream and official prescriptions have focused on response and relief aid, without paying due regard to the need for reducing the vulnerability of affected communities by increasing their resilience through building their capacity. With the effects of climate change worsening globally, communities will be called to be even more responsive to these changes, as they affect them in newer and unique ways. They will therefore have to be supported in their adaptation measures, considering that most developing world governments are already cash-strapped to fund development and investment, let alone disaster management projects. Yet at the same time, risks that communities face dictate that livelihood-centred approaches be mainstreamed into 1 Projects Manager Livelihoods and Disaster Risk Management, Reducing Vulnerability (RV) Programme, Practical Action Southern Africa, Zimbabwe.

‘The Invisible Boundaries of the Karanga: Considering Pre-Colonial Shona Territoriality and its meanings in Contemporary Zimbabwe’ By Gerald Chikozho Mazarire Department of History University of Zimbabwe Paper Presented to the ABORNE Conference on ‘How is Africa Transforming Border Studies?’School of Social Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Afriica 10-14 September 2009. [Draft Thinkpiece not for Citation] The Karanga who settled in southern Zimbabwe in the early 19th century did so in waves that replaced or reformed the territorial configurations of autochthons. A distinguishing feature of their settlement patterns is the tendency to cluster around mountains and their oral traditions speak of the distribution of mountains rather than land. For these people the idea of a territorial centre was important and ideal for keeping the periphery it controlled as elastic as possible. The boundaries of the Karanga thus remained forever porous and constantly shifting as the various groups moved, fought or accommodated each other. Despite the imposition of rigid borders in the colonial and post-colonial periods these concepts of unbounded land defined by political centres continue to feature in contemporary debates over resettlement and restitution in Zimbabwe. This paper considers the basis of Karanga territoriality in the centre-periphery ideals of the pre-colonial period with a view to investigate the meanings of ‘borders’ and neighbourliness in southern Zimbabwe and how this has shaped history and claims to ownership amongst some chieftainships in the Masvingo district. 1.0 Introduction: Becoming Karanga This paper discusses the territorial concepts of the Karanga, a subgroup of the Shona- speaking people of Zimbabwe.

ZIMBABWE JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE Volume 24 Number 2, July 2012 o:-s_ Technology Application in Primary Schools: Stakeholders views on the useof Calculators in Chinhoyi Urban. Emmanuel Chinamasa Teacher Evaluation by Pupils: Case of “O” Level Mathematics Student - Teachers in Bulawayo urban. Emmanuel Chinamasa, Morden Dzinotizeyi, Mathias Sithole Factors contributing to Teacher truancy in two Secondary Schools in Bulawayo.Emmanuel Chinamasa, Ezekiel Svigie, Simbarashe Munikwa The Relevance of 'O' Level Mathematics in Nursing: A Survey of Practicing Nurses’ Experiences in Zimbabwe. Matirwisa Kuneka, Emmanuel Chinamasa Secondary School Teachers' and Pupils' Views on the use of Mathematics Textbooks with Answers in Mazowe District. Lawrence Maregere, Emmanuel Chinamasa, Newton Hlenga Factors affecting Lecturer Research output in new Universities in Zimbabwe. Emmanuel Chinamasa Examinations Question Specialized Marking: A Quantitative Analysis of Intcr-marker Reliability Mode at Chinhoyi University of Technology. Emmanuel Chinamasa, Cribert Munetsi Computation errors on measures of Central Tendency by Masters Students: Implications for Andragogy. Emmanuel Chinamasa, Cribert Munetsi Technology Utilisation: A survey of Computer Literacy levels among Health Personnel at Chinhoyi Provincial Hospital. Constance Madya, Emmanuel Chinamasa m u m The Zimbabwe Journal of Educational Research is published tri-annually by the University of Zimbabwe (UZ), Human Resources Research Centre (HRRC). ISSN: 1013-3445 Editor-in-Chief: Professor Fred Zindi Editorial Board Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Levi M. Nyagura, Prof. Linda Chisholm University of Zimbabwe Witwatersrand University Prof. V. Nyawaranda, Prof. Danston S. J. Mkandawire University of Zimbabwe University of Namibia ! Prof. Charles Nherera, Prof John Schw ille Women’s University in Africa Michigan State University Prof.

Leopard Population Density and Community Attitudes Towards Leopards in and Around Debshan Ranch, Shangani, Zimbabwe

LEOPARD POPULATION DENSITY AND COMMUNITY ATTITUDES TOWARDS LEOPARDS IN AND AROUND DEBSHAN RANCH, SHANGANI, ZIMBABWE A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE of RHODES UNIVERSITY Department of Zoology and Entomology By PHUMUZILE NYONI DECEMBER 2015 SUPERVISOR: DR D. M. PARKER ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Leopards (Panthera pardus) are regarded as one of the most resilient large carnivore species in the world and can persist in human dominated landscapes, areas with low prey availability nd highly fragmented habitats. However, recent evidence across much of their range reveals declining populations. In Zimbabwe, 500 Convention for the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) export tags are available annually for leopards as hunting trophies, despite limited accurate data on the leopard populations of the country. Moreover, when coupled with the massive land conversions under the controversial National Land Reform Programme (NLRP), leopard populations in Zimbabwe are in dire need of assessment. My study was conducted on Debshan ranch, Shangani, Zimbabwe, which is a commercial cattle (Bos indicus) ranch but also supports a high diversity of indigenous wildlife including an apparently healthy leopard population. However, the NLRP has resulted in an increase in small-holder subsistence farming communities around the ranch (the land was previously privately owned and divided into larger sub-units). This change in land-use means that both human and livestock densities have increased and the potential for human leopard conflict has increased. I estimated the leopard population density of the ranch and assessed community attitudes towards leopards in the communities surrounding the ranch. To estimate population densities, I performed spoor counts and conducted a camera trapping survey.

ZIMBABWE EMERGENCY WATER AND SANITATION PROJECT (ZEWSP) Final Results Report (August 2005-August 2006) SUBMITTED TO THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE (OFDA) UNITED STATTES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID) Cooperative Agreement No: DFD-G-00-05-00172-00 In Country Contact Address: Leslie Scott National Director 59 Joseph Road Off Nursery Road, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe Tel: (263 – 4) 301 715/709, 369027/8, Fax: (263- 4) 301 330 Email: [email protected] December 2006 1 A. SUMMARY Organization: World Vision, Inc Headquarters Mailing Address: 300 I Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002 Date: December 2006 Headquarter Contact Person: Dennis Cherian, Program/Technical Specialist, Grants Acquisition and Management Telephone: +1(202) 572 6378 Fax: +1(202) 572 6480 Email Address: [email protected] Field Contact Person: Leslie Scott Telephone: + (263) 4 301 715/709, 369027/8 Fax: + (263) 4 301 330 Email: [email protected] Program Title: Zimbabwe Emergency Water and Sanitation Project (ZEWSP) USAID/OFDA Grant No: DFD-G-00-05-00172-00 Country/Region: Zimbabwe, Southern Africa Type of Disaster/Hazard: Complex emergency resulting from drought Time Period covered by this report: August 2, 2005 - August 31, 2006 2 B. PROGRAM OVERVIEW AND PERFORMANCE 1.0. OVERALL PROJECT OBJECTIVE To increase access to potable water, sanitation and hygiene for 65, 000 individuals (13,000 households) in the highly drought- and HIV/AIDS – affected districts of Beitbridge, Gwanda and Mangwe in Matabeleland, South Province through the provision of 300 water points. 1.1. OBJECTIVE Improved access to potable water, sanitation and hygiene for 65,000 individuals (13,000 vulnerable households) 1.2.

Land reform, commercial agriculture and local economic growth in Zimbabwe Blasio Mavedzenge, Felix Murimbarimba, Ian Scoones and Chrispen Sukume Introduction Land reform in Zimbabwe has radically transformed the rural economy. After 2000, around 145,000 families were allocated smallholder plots and a further 20,000 took on medium scale farms. This replaced an agrarian structure that was divided between 4,500 large- scale commercial farms and many small communal area farms. The new farmers have had many challenges, but they have also created employment and are generating new economic linkages, both in the local economy and further afield. In the last few years we have looked at this unfolding dynamic by tracing the networks of economic activity from a series of farms in two sites – Mvurwi in Mazowe district, a high potential area near the capital, and Wondedzo near Masvingo, in the drier southeast. By looking at four commodities – tobacco, horticulture, beef and maize - we asked: what are the economic linkages created by new farming enterprises, how are these influencing the local economy, what livelihoods and forms of employment are being created, and what challenges are being faced? 1 A number of important value chains. Since land Permanent employees are findings emerge: reform, a dualistic agrarian often kin, or from the structure has largely been farmer-employer’s original Agricultural production replaced by a mix of small ‘home’ area. In areas made possible by land and medium sized farms where ‘compound’ labour reform has created a wide (A1 and A2 in the new was common, such as range of economic activity resettlements).